GIFT  OF 
Harry  S.   Thompson 


THE 

AMERICANISM 

OF 

WA  SH  IN  G  T  ON 

By 

Henry  'van  Dyke 


New  York  and  London 

Harper  &  Brothers  Publishers 

i  9  06 


Copyright,  1906,  by  HARPER  &  BROTHERS. 

All  rights  reserved. 
Published  September,  1906. 


•VI 


THE 

AMERICANISM 

OF 

W A  S  H I  N  G  TON 


The   Americanism  of 
Washington 

HARD  is  the  task  of  the 
man  who  at  this  late  day 
attempts  to  say  anything  new 
about  Washington*  But  per 
haps  it  may  be  possible  to  tin- 
say  some  of  the  things  which 
have  been  said,  and  which, 
though  they  were  at  one  time 
newt  have  never  at  any  time 
been  strictly  true* 


The  character  of  Washington, 
emerging  splendid  from  the  dust 
and  tumult  of  those  great  con 
flicts  in  which  he  played  the 
leading  part,  has  passed  suc 
cessively  into  three  media  of 
obscuration,  from  each  of  which 
his  figure,  like  the  sun  shin 
ing  through  vapors,  has  re 
ceived  some  disguise  of  shape 
and  color*  First  came  the  mist 
of  mythology,  in  which  we 
discerned  the  new  St*  George, 
serene,  impeccable,  moving 
through  an  orchard  of  ever- 
blooming  cherry  -  trees,  grace 
fully  vanquishing  dragons  with 
a  touch,  and  shedding  fra- 
2 


grance  and  radiance  around  him* 
Out  of  that  mythological  mist 
we  groped  our  way,  to  find  oar- 
selves  beneath  the  rolling  clouds 
of  oratory,  above  which  the 
head  of  the  hero  was  pinnacled 
in  remote  grandeur,  like  a 
sphinx  poised  upon  a  volcanic 
peak,  isolated  and  mysterious* 
That  altitudinous  figure  still 
dominates  the  cloudy  land 
scapes  of  the  after-dinner  ora 
tor;  but  the  frigid,  academic 
mind  has  turned  away  from  it, 
and  looking  through  the  fog  of 
criticism  has  descried  another 
Washington,  not  really  an  Amer 
ican,  not  amazingly  a  hero,  but 
3 


a  very  decent  English  country 
gentleman,  honorable,  coura 
geous,  good,  shrewd,  slow,  and 
above  all  immensely  lucky* 

Now  here  are  two  of  the 
things  often  said  about  Wash 
ington  which  need,  if  I  mistake 
not,  to  be  unsaid:  first,  that  he 
was  a  solitary  and  inexplicable 
phenomenon  of  greatness;  and 
second,  that  he  was  not  an 
American* 

Solitude,  indeed,  is  the  last 
quality  that  an  intelligent  stu 
dent  of  his  career  would  ascribe 
to  him*  Dignified  and  reserved 
he  was,  undoubtedly;  and  as 
this  manner  was  natural  to 

4 


him,  he  won  more  true  friends 
by  using  it  than  if  he  had  dis 
guised  himself  in  a  forced  fa 
miliarity  and  worn  his  heart 
upon  his  sleeve*  But  from  first 
to  last  he  was  a  man  who  did 
his  work  in  the  bonds  of  com- 
panionshipt  who  trusted  his  com 
rades  in  the  great  enterprise  even 
though  they  were  not  his  inti 
mates,  and  who  neither  sought 
nor  occupied  a  lonely  eminence 
of  unshared  glory*  He  was  not 
of  the  jealous  race  of  those  who 

44  Bear,  like  the  Turk,  no  brother  near 
the  throne  "; 

nor  of  the  temper  of  George  III** 

5 


who  chose  his  ministers  for  their 
vacuous  compliancy*  Wash 
ington  was  surrounded  by  men 
of  similar  though  not  of  equal 
strength  —  Franklin,  Hamilton, 
Knoxt  Greene,  the  Adamses, 
Jefferson,  Madison*  He  stands 
in  history  not  as  a  lonely  pin 
nacle  like  Mount  Shasta,  ele 
vated  above  the  plain  - 

44  By  drastic  lift  of  pent  volcanic  fires"; 

but  as  the  central  summit  of 
a  mountain  range,  with  all  his 
noble  fellowship  of  kindred 
peaks  about  him,  enhancing 

(his  unquestioned  supremacy  by 
6 


their  glorious  neighborhood  and 
their  great  support* 

Among  these  men  whose 
union  in  purpose  and  action 
made  the  strength  and  stability 
of  the  republic*  Washington 
was  first*  not  only  in  the  large 
ness  of  his  nature*  the  loftiness 
of  his  desires*  and  the  vigor  of 
his  will*  but  also  in  that  repre 
sentative  quality  which  makes 
a  man  able  to  stand  as  the 
true  hero  of  a  great  people* 
He  had  an  instinctive  power 
to  divine*  amid  the  confusions 
of  rival  interests  and  the  cries 
of  factional  strife*  the  new  aims 

and  hopes*  the  vital  needs  and 

7 


aspirations,  which  were  the  com 
mon  inspiration  of  the  peopled 
cause  and  the  creative  forces 
of  the  American  nation*  The 
power  to  understand  this,  the 
faith  to  believe  in  it,  and  the 
unselfish  courage  to  live  for  it, 
was  the  central  factor  of  Wash 
ington's  life,  the  heart  and 
fountain  of  his  splendid  Ameri 
canism* 

It  was  denied  during  his 
lifetime,  for  a  little  while,  by 
those  who  envied  his  greatness, 
resented  his  leadership,  and 
sought  to  shake  him  from  his 
lofty  place*  But  he  stood  se 
rene  and  imperturbable,  while 

8 


that  denial,  like  many  another 
blast  of  evil-scented  wind,  pass 
ed  into  nothingness,  even  be 
fore  the  disappearance  of  the 
party  strife  out  of  whose  fer 
mentation  it  had  arisen*  By 
the  unanimous  judgment  of  his 
countrymen  for  two  generations 
after  his  death  he  was  hailed  as 
Pater  Patriae;  and  the  age  which 
conferred  that  title  was  too  in 
genuous  to  suppose  that  the 
father  could  be  of  a  different 
race  from  his  own  offspring* 

But  the  modern  doubt  is 
more  subtle,  more  curious,  more 
refined  in  its  methods*  It  does 

not  spring,  as  the  old  denial  did, 
9 


x^  \^J\^s  ^ 

from  a  partisan  hatred,  which 
would  seek  to  discredit  Wash 
ington  by  an  accusation  of  tin- 
due  partiality  for  England,  and 
thus  to  break  his  hold  upon  the 
love  of  the  people*  It  arises* 
rather,  like  a  creeping  exhala 
tion*  from  a  modern  theory  of 
what  true  Americanism  really 
is:  a  theory  which  goes  back* 
indeed,  for  its  inspiration  to 
Dr*  Johnson's  somewhat  crude 
ly  expressed  opinion  that  "the 
Americans  were  a  race  whom 
no  other  mortals  could  wish  to 
resemble ";  but  which*  in  its 
later  form,  takes  counsel  with 

those  British  connoisseurs  who 
,0 


demand  of  their  typical  Ameri 
can  not  depravity  of  morals  but 
deprivation  of  manners,  not 
vice  of  heart  but  vulgarity  of 
speech,  not  badness  but  bump 
tiousness,  and  at  least  enough 
of  eccentricity  to  make  him 
amusing  to  cultivated  people* 

Not  a  few  of  our  native  pro 
fessors  and  critics  are  inclined 
to  accept  some  features  of  this 
view,  perhaps  in  mere  reaction 
from  the  unamusing  character 
of  their  own  existence*  They 
are  not  quite  ready  to  subscribe 
to  Mr*  Kipling's  statement  that 
the  real  American  is 

"Unkempt,  disreputable,  vast/* 

n 


but  they  are  willing  to  admit 
that  it  will  not  do  for  him  to 
be  prudent,  orderly,  dignified* 
He  must  have  a  touch  of  pict 
uresque  rudeness,  a  red  shirt 
in  his  mental  as  well  as  his 
sartorial  outfit*  The  poetry 
that  expresses  him  must  recog 
nize  no  metrical  rules*  The 
art  that  depicts  him  must  use 
the  primitive  colors  and  lay 
them  on  thick* 

I  remember  reading  some 
where  that  Tennyson  had  an 
idea  that  Longfellow,  when  he 
met  him,  would  put  his  feet 
upon  the  table*  And  it  is  pre 
cisely  because  Longfellow  kept 

12 


his  feet  in  their  proper  place, 
in  society  as  well  as  in  verset 
that  some  critics,  nowadays, 
would  have  us  believe  thai  he 
was  not  a  truly  American 
poet* 

Traces  of  this  curious  theory 
of  Americanism  in  its  applica 
tion  to  Washington  may  now 
be  found  in  many  places*  You 
shall  hear  historians  describe 
him  as  a  transplanted  English 
commoner,  a  second  edition 
of  John  Hampden,  You  shall 
read,  in  a  famous  poem,  of  Lin 
coln  as 

44  New  birth  of  our  new  soil,  the  first 
American/' 

J3 


That  Lincoln  was  one  of  the 
greatest  Americanst  glorious  in 
the  largeness  of  his  heart,  the 
vigor  of  his  manhood,  the  hero 
ism  of  his  soul,  none  can  doubt* 
But  to  affirm  that  he  was  the 
first  American  is  to  disown 
and  disinherit  Washington  and 
Franklin  and  Adams  and  Jef 
ferson*  Lincoln  himself  would 
have  been  the  man  to  extinguish 
such  an  impoverishing  claim 
with  huge  and  hearty  laughter* 
He  knew  that  Grant  and  Sher 
man  and  Seward  and  Farragut 
and  the  men  who  stood  with 
him  were  Americans,  just  as 
Washington  knew  that  the  Bos- 

14 


ton  maltster,  and  the  Pennsyl 
vania  printert  and  the  Rhode 
Island  anchor  -  smith,  and  the 
New  Jersey  preacher,  and  the 
New  York  lawyer,  and  the  men 
who  stood  with  him  were  Ameri 
cans* 

He  knew  it,  I  say:  and  by 
what  divination?  By  a  test 
more  searching  than  any  mere 
peculiarity  of  manners,  dress,  or 
speech;  by  a  touchstone  able 
to  divide  the  gold  of  essential 
character  from  the  alloy  of  su 
perficial  characteristics;  by  a 
standard  which  disregarded  alike 
Franklin's  fur  cap  and  Putnam's 
old  felt  hat,  Morgans  leather  leg- 

(5 


gings  and  Witherspoon's  black 
silk  gown  and  John  Adams's 
lace  ruffles,  to  recognize  and 
approve,  beneath  these  vari 
ous  garbs,  the  vital  sign  of 
America  woven  into  the  very 
souls  of  the  men  who  belonged 
to  her  by  a  spiritual  birth 
right* 

For  what  is  true  American 
ism,  and  where  does  it  reside? 
Not  on  the  tongue,  nor  in  the 
clothes,  nor  among  the  tran 
sient  social  forms,  refined  or 
rude,  which  mottle  the  surface 
of  human  life*  The  log  cabin 
has  no  monopoly  of  it,  nor  is 
it  an  immovable  fixture  of  the 

16 


stately  pillared  mansion*  Its 
home  is  not  on  the  frontier  nor 
in  the  populous  city,  not  among 
the  trees  of  the  wild  forest  nor 
the  cultured  groves  of  Academe* 
Its  dwelling  is  in  the  heart*  It 
speaks  a  score  of  dialects  but 
one  language*  follows  a  hun 
dred  paths  to  the  same  goal, 
performs  a  thousand  kinds  of 
service  in  loyalty  to  the  same 
ideal  which  is  its  life*  True 
Americanism  is  this: 

To  believe  that  the  inalien 
able  rights  of  man  to  lifet  lib 
erty*  and  the  pursuit  of  happi 
ness  are  given  by  God* 

To  believe  that  any  form  of 

*  17 


power  that  tramples  on  these 
rights  is  unjust* 

To  believe  that  taxation  with 
out  representation  is  tyranny, 
that  government  must  rest  upon 
the  consent  of  the  governed,  and 
that  the  people  should  choose 
their  own  rulers* 

To  believe  thai  freedom  must 
be  safeguarded  by  law  and  or 
der,  and  that  the  end  of  freedom 
is  fair  play  for  all* 

To  believe  not  in  a  forced 
equality  of  conditions  and  es 
tates,  but  in  a  true  equalization 
of  burdens,  privileges,  and  op 
portunities* 

To  believe  that  the  selfish  in- 
18 


terests  of  persons,  classes,  and 
sections  must  be  subordinated  to 
the  welfare  of  the  commonwealth* 

To  believe  that  union  is  as 
much  a  human  necessity  as  lib 
erty  is  a  divine  gift* 

To  believe,  not  that  all  peo 
ple  are  good,  but  that  the  way 
to  make  them  better  is  to  trust 
the  whole  people* 

To  believe  that  a  free  state 
should  offer  an  asylum  to  the 
oppressed,  and  an  example  of 
virtue,  sobriety,  and  fair  deal 
ing  to  all  nations* 

To  believe  that  for  the  exist 
ence  and  perpetuity  of  such  a 
state  a  man  should  be  willing 


to  give  his  whole  service,  in 
property,  in  labor,  and  in  life* 

That  is  Americanism ;  an  ideal 
embodying  itself  in  a  people; 
a  creed  heated  white  hot  in  the 
furnace  of  conviction  and  ham 
mered  into  shape  on  the  anvil 
of  life;  a  vision  commanding 
men  to  follow  it  whithersoever 
it  may  lead  them*  And  it  was 
the  subordination  of  the  per 
sonal  self  to  that  ideal,  that 
creed,  that  vision,  which  gave 
eminence  and  glory  to  Wash 
ington  and  the  men  who  stood 
with  him* 

This  is  the  truth  that  emerges, 

crystalline  and  luminous,  from 
20 


the  conflicts  and  confusions  of 
the  Revolution*  The  men  who 
were  able  to  surrender  them 
selves  and  all  their  interests  to 
the  pure  and  loyal  service  of 
their  ideal  were  the  men  who 
made  good,  the  victors  crowned 
with  glory  and  honor*  The 
men  who  would  not  make  that 
surrender,  who  sought  selfish 
ends,  who  were  controlled  by 
personal  ambition  and  the  love 
of  gain,  who  were  willing  to 
stoop  to  crooked  means  to  ad 
vance  their  own  fortunes,  were 
the  failures,  the  lost  leaders, 
and,  in  some  cases,  the  men 

whose  names  are  embalmed  in 
21 


their  own  infamy*  The  ulti 
mate  secret  of  greatness  is  nei 
ther  physical  nor  intellectual, 
but  moral*  It  is  the  capacity  to 
lose  self  in  the  service  of  some 
thing  greater*  It  is  the  faith 
to  recognize,  the  will  to  obey* 
and  the  strength  to  follow*  a 
star* 

Washington,  no  doubt,  was 
pre-eminent  among  his  contem 
poraries  in  natural  endowments* 
Less  brilliant  in  his  mental  gifts 
than  some,  less  eloquent  and 
accomplished  than  others,  he 
had  a  rare  balance  of  large 
powers  which  justified  Lowell's 
phrase  of  "an  imperial  man*" 

22 


His  athletic  vigor  and  skill,  his 
steadiness  of  nerve  restraining 
an  intensity  of  passion,  his  tin- 
daunted  courage  which  refused 
no  necessary  risks  and  his  pru 
dence  which  took  no  unneces 
sary  ones,  the  quiet  sureness 
with  which  he  grasped  large 
ideas  and  the  pressing  energy 
with  which  he  executed  small 
details,  the  breadth  of  his  in 
telligence,  the  depth  of  his  con 
victions,  his  power  to  apply 
great  thoughts  and  principles 
to  every  -  day  affairs,  and  his 
singular  superiority  to  current 
prejudices  and  illusions — these 
were  gifts  in  combination  which 

23 


would  have  made  him  distin 
guished  in  any  company,  in  any 
age* 

But  what  was  it  that  won 
and  kept  a  free  field  for  the 
exercise  of  these  gifts?  What 
was  it  that  secured  for  them  a 
long,  unbroken  opportunity  of 
development  in  the  activities 
of  leadership,  until  they  reach 
ed  the  summit  of  their  perfec 
tion?  It  was  a  moral  quality* 
It  was  the  evident  magnanimity 
of  the  man,  which  assured  the 
people  that  he  was  no  self-seek 
er  who  would  betray  their  in 
terests  for  his  own  glory  or  rob 
them  for  his  own  gain*  It  was 

24 


the  supreme  magnanimity  of 
the  mant  which  made  the  best 
spirits  of  the  time  trust  him  im- 
plicitlyt  in  war  and  peace,  as 
one  who  would  never  forget  his 
duty  or  his  integrity  in  the 
sense  of  his  own  greatness* 

From  the  first*  Washington 
appears  not  as  a  man  aiming 
at  prominence  or  power*  but 
rather  as  one  under  obligation 
to  serve  a  cause*  Necessity 
was  laid  upon  him*  and  he  met 
it  willingly*  After  Washing 
ton's  marvellous  escape  from 
death  in  his  first  campaign  for 
the  defence  of  the  colonies*  the 

Rev*    Samuel    Davies*    fourth 
25 


president  of  Princeton  College, 
spoke  of  him  in  a  sermon  as 
"that  heroic  youth,  Colonel 
Washington,  whom  I  can  but 
hope  Providence  has  hitherto 
preserved  in  so  signal  a  manner 
for  some  important  service  to 
his  country*"  It  was  a  pro 
phetic  voice,  and  Washington 
was  not  disobedient  to  the  mes 
sage*  Chosen  to  command  the 
Army  of  the  Revolution  in  J775, 
he  confessed  to  his  wife  his  deep 
reluctance  to  surrender  the  joys 
of  home,  acknowledged  pub 
licly  his  feeling  that  he  was  not 
equal  to  the  great  trust  com 
mitted  to  him,  and  then,  ac- 

26 


cepting  it  as  thrown  upon  him 
44  by  a  kind  of  destiny,"  he  gave 
himself  body  and  soul  to  its  ful 
filment,  refusing  all  pay  beyond 
the  mere  discharge  of  his  ex 
penses,  of  which  he  kept  a  strict 
account,  and  asking  no  other 
reward  than  the  success  of  the 
cause  which  he  served* 

44  Ah,  but  he  was  a  rich  man," 
cries  the  carping  critic;  "he 
could  afford  to  do  it*"  How 
many  rich  men  to-day  avail 
themselves  of  their  opportu 
nity  to  indulge  in  this  kind  of 
extravagance,  toiling  tremen 
dously  without  a  salary,  neg 
lecting  their  own  estate  for 

27 


the  public  benefit,  seeing  their 
property  diminished  without 
complaint,  and  coming  into  se 
rious  financial  embarrassment, 
even  within  sight  of  bankrupt 
cy,  as  Washington  did,  merely 
for  the  gratification  of  a  desire 
to  serve  the  people?  This  is  in 
deed  a  very  singular  and  noble 
form  of  luxury*  But  the  wealth 
which  makes  it  possible  neither 
accounts  for  its  existence  nor 
detracts  from  its  glory*  It  is 
the  fruit  of  a  manhood  superior 
alike  to  riches  and  to  poverty, 
willing  to  risk  all,  and  to  use 
all,  for  the  common  good* 
Was  it  in  any  sense  a  misf  ort- 

28 


une  for  the  people  of  America, 
even  the  poorest  among  them, 
that  there  was  a  man  able  to 
advance  sixty  -  four  thousand 
dollars  otrt  of  his  own  purse, 
with  no  other  security  but  his 
own  faith  in  their  cause,  to  pay 
his  daily  expenses  while  he  was 
leading  their  armies?  This  un 
secured  loan  was  one  of  the  very 
things,  I  doubt  not,  that  helped 
to  inspire  general  confidence* 
Even  so  the  prophet  Jeremiah 
purchased  a  field  in  Anathoth, 
in  the  days  when  Judah  was 
captive  unto  Babylon,  paying 
down  the  money,  seventeen 
shekels  of  silver,  as  a  token  of 

29 


his  faith  that  the  land  would 
some  day  be  delivered  from  the 
enemy  and  restored  to  peaceful 
and  orderly  habitation* 

Wa shington's  substantial 
pledge  of  property  to  the  cause 
of  liberty  was  repaid  by  a  grate 
ful  country  at  the  close  of  the 
war*  But  not  a  dollar  of  pay 
ment  for  the  tremendous  toil 
of  body  and  mind,  not  a  dollar 
for  work  "overtime,"  for  in 
direct  damages  to  his  estate, 
for  commissions  on  the  bene 
fits  which  he  secured  for  the 
general  enterprise,  for  the  use 
of  his  name  or  the  value  of  his 
counsel,  would  he  receive* 

30 


A  few  years  iatert  when  his 
large  sagacity  perceived  thai 
the  development  of  internal 
commerce  was  one  of  the  first 
needs  of  the  new  country,  at 
a  time  when  he  held  no  public 
office,  he  became  president  of 
a  company  for  the  extension 
of  navigation  on  the  rivers 
James  and  Potomac*  The  Leg 
islature  of  Virginia  proposed 
to  give  him  a  hundred  and 
fifty  shares  of  stock*  Wash 
ington  refused  thist  or  any  other 
kind  of  pay,  saying  that  he 
could  serve  the  people  better 
in  the  enterprise  if  he  were 
known  to  have  no  selfish  inter- 

31 


est  in  it*  He  was  not  the  kind 
of  a  man  to  reconcile  himself  to 
a  gratuity  (which  is  the  Latin 
ized  word  for  a  "tip  "  offered 
to  a  person  not  in  livery)  t  and 
if  the  modern  methods  of  "com 
ing  in  on  the  ground  -  floor  " 
and  "taking  a  rake-off"  had 
been  explained  and  suggested 
to  him,  I  suspect  that  he  would 
have  described  them  in  language 
more  notable  for  its  force  than 
for  its  elegance* 

It  is  truet  of  course,  that  the 
fortune  which  he  so  willingly 
imperilled  and  impaired  recoup 
ed  itself  again  after  peace  was 

established,    and    his    industry 

32  * 


and  wisdom  made  him  once 
more  a  rich  man  for  those  days* 
But  what  injustice  was  there 
in  that?  It  is  both  natural 
and  right  that  men  who  have 
risked  their  all  to  secure  for 
the  country  at  large  what  they 
could  have  secured  for  them 
selves  by  other  meanst  should 
share  in  the  general  prosperity 
attendant  upon  the  success  of 
their  efforts  and  sacrifices  for 
the  common  good* 

I  am  sick  of  the  shallow  judg 
ment  that  ranks  the  worth  of 
a  man  by  his  poverty  or  by 
his  wealth  at  death*  Many  a 

selfish    speculator    dies    poor* 
3  33 


Many  an  unselfish  patriot  dies 
prosperous*  It  is  not  the  pos 
session  of  the  dollar  that  cankers 
the  soul,  it  is  the  worship  of  it* 
The  true  test  of  a  man  is  this: 
Has  he  labored  for  his  own  in 
terest,  or  for  the  general  wel 
fare?  Has  he  earned  his  money 
fairly  or  unfairly?  Does  he 
use  it  greedily  or  generously? 
What  does  it  mean  to  him,  a 
personal  advantage  over  his 
fellow-men,  or  a  personal  op 
portunity  of  serving  them? 

There  are  a  hundred  other 
points  in  Washington's  career 
in  which  the  same  supremacy 
of  character,  magnanimity  fo- 

34 


cussed  on  service  to  an  ideal, 
is  revealed  in  conduct*  I  see 
it  in  the  wisdom  with  which  he, 
a  son  of  the  South,  chose  most 
of  his  generals  from  the  North, 
that  he  might  secure  immediate 
efficiency  and  unity  in  the  army* 
I  see  it  in  the  generosity  with 
which  he  praised  the  achieve 
ments  of  his  associates,  disre 
garding  jealous  rivalries,  and 
ever  willing  to  share  the  credit 
of  victory  as  he  was  to  bear  the 
burden  of  defeat*  I  see  it  in 
the  patience  with  which  he  suf 
fered  his  fame  to  be  imperilled 
for  the  moment  by  reverses  and 

retreats,  if  only  he  might   the 
35 


more  surely  guard  the  frail 
hope  of  ultimate  victory  for  his 
country*  I  see  it  in  the  quiet 
dignity  with  which  he  faced  the 
Conway  Cabal,  not  anxious  to 
defend  his  own  reputation  and 
secure  his  own  power,  but  nobly 
resolute  to  save  the  army  from 
being  crippled  and  the  cause 
of  liberty  from  being  wrecked* 
I  see  it  in  the  splendid  self-for- 
getfulness  which  cleansed  his 
mind  of  all  temptation  to  take 
personal  revenge  upon  those  who 
had  sought  to  injure  him  in 
that  base  intrigue*  I  read  it 
in  his  letter  of  consolation  and 
encouragement  to  the  wretched 

36 


Gates  after  the  defeat  at  Cam- 
den*  I  hear  the  prolonged  re 
echoing  music  of  it  in  his  letter 
to  General  Knox  in  J798,  in  re 
gard  to  military  appointments, 
declaring  his  wish  to  "  avoid 
feuds  with  those  who  are  em 
barked  in  the  same  general  en 
terprise  with  myself/* 

Listen  to  the  same  spirit  as 
it  speaks  in  his  circular  address 
to  the  governors  of  the  differ 
ent  States,  urging  them  to  "  for 
get  their  local  prejudices  and 
policies;  to  make  those  mutual 
concessions  which  are  requisite 
to  the  general  prosperity,  and 
in  some  instances  to  sacrifice 

37 


their  individual  advantages  to 
the  interest  of  the  community/' 
Watch  how  it  guides  him  uner 
ringly  through  the  critical  pe 
riod  of  American  history  which 
lies  between  the  success  of  the 
Revolution  and  the  establish 
ment  of  the  nation,  enabling 
him  to  avoid  the  pitfalls  of 
sectional  and  partisan  strife, 
and  to  use  his  great  influence 
with  the  people  in  leading  them 
out  of  the  confusion  of  a  weak 
confederacy  into  the  strength  of 
an  indissoluble  union  of  sover 
eign  States* 

See  how  he  once  more  sets 
aside   his   personal   preferences 

33 


for  a  quiet  country  lifet  and 
risks  his  already  secure  popu- 
larityt  together  with  his  repu 
tation  for  consistency,  by  obey 
ing  the  voice  which  calls  him 
to  be  a  candidate  for  the  Presi 
dency*  See  how  he  chooses 
for  the  cabinet  and  for  the  Su 
preme  Court,  not  an  exclusive 
group  of  personal  friends,  but 
men  who  can  be  trusted  to 
serve  the  great  cause  of  Union 
with  fidelity  and  power — Jeffer 
son,  Randolph,  Hamilton,  Knox, 
John  Jay,  Wilson,  Gushing, 
Rutledge*  See  how  patient 
ly  and  indomitably  he  gives 
himself  to  the  toil  of  office, 

39 


deriving  from  his  exalted  sta 
tion  no  gain  "beyond  the  lus 
tre  which  may  be  reflected 
from  its  connection  with  a  power 
of  promoting  human  felicity*" 
See  how  he  retires,  at  lastt  to 
the  longed-for  joys  of  private 
life,  confessing  that  his  career 
has  not  been  without  errors  of 
judgment*  beseeching  the  Al 
mighty  that  they  may  bring 
no  harm  to  his  country,  and 
asking  no  other  reward  for  his 
labors  than  to  partake,  "in 
the  midst  of  my  fellow-citizens, 
the  benign  influence  of  good  laws 
under  a  free  government,  the 
ever  favorite  object  of  my  heart*" 

40 


Oh,  sweet  and  stately  words, 
revealingt  through  their  calm 
reserve,  the  inmost  secret  of  a 
life  that  did  not  flare  with  tran 
sient  enthusiasm  but  glowed 
with  unquenchable  devotion  to 
a  cause!  "The  ever  favorite 
object  of  my  heart  "  —  how 
quietly,  how  simply  he  discloses 
the  source  and  origin  of  a 
sublime  consecration,  a  lifelong 
heroism!  Thus  speaks  the  vic 
tor  in  calm  retrospect  of  the 
long  battle*  But  if  you  would 
know  the  depth  and  the  in 
tensity  of  the  divine  fire  that 
burned  within  his  breast  you 

must  go  back  to  the  dark  and 
41 


icy  days  of  Valley  Forge,  and 
hear  him  cry  in  passion  un 
restrained:  "It  I  know  my  own 
mind,  I  could  offer  myself  a 
living  sacrifice  to  the  butcher 
ing  enemy,  provided  that  would 
contribute  to  the  peopled  ease* 
I  would  be  a  living  offering  to 
the  savage  fury  and  die  by 
inches  to  save  the  people/' 

44  The  ever  favorite  object  of 
my  heart!"  I  strike  this  note 
again  and  again,  insisting  upon 
it,  harping  upon  it;  for  it  is  the 
key-note  of  the  music*  It  is 
the  capacity  to  find  such  an 
object  in  the  success  of  the 
people's  cause,  to  follow  it  un- 


42 


selfishlyt  to  serve  it  loyally, 
that  distinguishes  the  men  who 
stood  with  Washington  and  who 
deserve  to  share  his  fame*  I 
read  the  annals  of  the  Revolu- 
tiont  and  I  find  everywhere 
this  secret  and  searching  test 
dividing  the  strong  from  the 
weak,  the  noble  from  the  base, 
the  heirs  of  glory  from  the  cap 
tives  of  oblivion  and  the  in 
heritors  of  shame*  It  was  the 
unwillingness  to  sink  and  for 
get  self  in  the  service  of  some 
thing  greater  that  made  the 
failures  and  wrecks  of  those 
tempestuous  times,  through 
which  the  single  -  hearted  and 

43 


the  devoted  pressed  on  to  vic 
tory  and  honor* 

Turn  back  to  the  battle  of 
Saratoga*  There  were  two 
Americans  on  that  field  who 
suffered  under  a  great  personal 
disappointment:  Philip  Schuy- 
ler*  who  was  unjustly  sup 
planted  in  command  of  the 
army  by  General  Gates ;  and 
Benedict  Arnold,  who  was  de 
prived  by  envy  of  his  due  share 
in  the  glory  of  winning  the 
battle*  Schuyler  forgot  his  own 
injury  in  loyalty  to  the  cause, 
offered  to  serve  Gates  in  any 
capacity,  and  went  straight  on 
to  the  end  of  his  noble  life 

44 


giving  all  that  he  had  to  his 
country*  But  in  Arnold's  heart 
the  favorite  object  was  not  his 
countryt  but  his  own  ambition, 
and  the  wound  which  his  pride 
received  at  Saratoga  rankled 
and  festered  and  spread  its 
poison  through  his  whole  nat 
ure,  until  he  went  forth  from 
the  camp,  "a  leper  white  as 


snow*" 


What  was  it  that  made 
Charles  Leet  as  fearless  a  man 
as  ever  lived,  play  the  part  of 
a  coward  in  order  to  hide  his 
treason  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth  ?  It  was  the  inward 
eating  corruption  of  that  sel- 

45 


fish  vanity  which  caused  him 
to  desire  the  defeat  of  an  army 
whose  command  he  had  wished 
but  failed  to  attain.  He  had 
offered  his  sword  to  America 
for  his  own  glory,  and  when 
that  was  denied  himt  he  with 
drew  the  offering,  and  died,  as 
he  had  lived,  to  himself* 

What  was  it  that  tarnished 
the  fame  of  Gates  and  Wilkin 
son  and  Burr  and  Conway? 
What  made  their  lives,  and 
those  of  men  like  them,  futile 
and  inefficient  compared  with 
other  men  whose  natural  gifts 
were  less?  It  was  the  taint  of 
dominant  selfishness  that  ran 

46 


through  their  careers,  now  hid 
ing  itself,  now  breaking  out  in 
some  act  of  malignity  or  treach 
ery.  Of  the  common  interest 
they  were  reckless,  provided 
they  might  advance  their  own* 
Disappointed  in  that  "ever  fav 
orite  object  of  their  hearts/' 
they  did  not  hesitate  to  imperil 
the  cause  in  whose  service  they 
were  enlisted* 

Turn  to  other  cases,  in  which 
a  charitable  judgment  will  im 
pute  no  positive  betrayal  of 
trusts,  but  a  defect  of  vision 
to  recognize  the  claim  of  the 
higher  ideal*  Tory  or  Revolu 
tionist  a  man  might  be,  accord- 

47 


ing  to  his  temperament  and 
conviction ;  but  where  a  man 
begins  with  protests  against 
tyranny  and  ends  with  sub 
servience  to  it,  we  look  for  the 
cause*  What  was  it  that  sepa 
rated  Joseph  Galloway  from 
Francis  Hopkinson  ?  It  was 
Galloway's  opinion  that,  while 
the  struggle  for  independence 
might  be  justifiable,  it  could  not 
be  successful,  and  the  tempta 
tion  of  a  larger  immediate  re 
ward  under  the  British  crown 
than  could  ever  be  given  by 
the  American  Congress  in  which 
he  had  once  served*  What  was 

it  that  divided  the  Rev*  Jacob 
48 


Duche  from  the  Rev*  John 
Witherspoon?  It  was  Duche's 
fear  that  the  cause  for  which 
he  had  prayed  so  eloquently  in 
the  first  Continental  Congress 
was  doomed  after  the  capture 
of  Philadelphia,  and  his  unwill 
ingness  to  go  down  with  that 
cause  instead  of  enjoying  the 
comfortable  fruits  of  his  native 
wit  and  eloquence  in  an  easy 
London  chaplaincy*  What  was 
it  that  cut  William  Franklin  off 
from  his  professedly  prudent  and 
worldly  wise  old  father,  Benja 
min  ?  It  was  the  luxurious  and 
benumbing  charm  of  the  royal 
governorship  of  New  Jersey* 

4  49 


"Professedly  prudent  "  is  the 
phrase  that  I  have  chosen  to 
apply  to  Benjamin  Franklin* 
For  the  one  thing  that  is  clear, 
as  we  turn  to  look  at  him  and 
the  other  men  who  stood  with 
Washington,  is  that,  whatever 
their  philosophical  professions 
may  have  been,  they  were  not 
controlled  by  prudence*  They 
were  really  imprudent,  and  at 
heart  willing  to  take  all  risks 
of  poverty  and  death  in  a  strug 
gle  whose  cause  was  just  though 
its  issue  was  dubious*  If  it  be 
rashness  to  commit  honor  and 
life  and  property  to  a  great  ad 
venture  for  the  general  good, 

50 


then  these  men  were  rash  to 
the  verge  of  recklessness*  They 
refused  no  perilt  they  withheld 
no  sacrifice,  in  the  following  of 
their  ideal* 

I  hear  John  Dickinson  saying : 
"It  is  not  our  dirty  to  leave 
wealth  to  our  children*  but  it 
is  our  duty  to  leave  liberty  to 
them*  We  have  counted  the 
cost  of  this  contest*  and  we  find 
nothing  so  dreadful  as  volun 
tary  slavery*"  I  see  Samuel 
Adams*  impoverished*  living 
upon  a  pittance,  hardly  able  to 
provide  a  decent  coat  for  his 
back,  rejecting  with  scorn  the 

offer     of    a    profitable    office, 
51 


wealth,  a  title  event  to  win  him 
from  his  allegiance  to  the  cause 
of  America*  I  see  Robert  Mor- 
rist  the  wealthy  merchant,  open 
ing  his  purse  and  pledging  his 
credit  to  support  the  Revolu 
tion,  and  later  devoting  all  his 
fortune  and  his  energy  to  re 
store  and  establish  the  financial 
honor  of  the  Republic,  with  the 
memorable  words,  "The  United 
States  may  command  all  that 
I  have,  except  my  integrity/' 
I  hear  the  proud  John  Adams 
saying  to  his  wife,  "I  have  ac 
cepted  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  thereby 
have  consented  to  my  own 

52 


ruin,  to  your  ruin,  and  the  ruin 
of  our  children ";  and  I  hear 
her  reply,  with  the  tears  run 
ning  down  her  face,  "Well,  I 
am  willing  in  this  cause  to  run 
all  risks  with  you,  and  be  ruined 
with  you,  if  you  are  ruined," 
I  see  Benjamin  Franklin,  in  the 
Congress  of  J776,  already  past 
his  seventieth  year,  prosperous, 
famous,  by  far  the  most  cele 
brated  man  in  America,  accept 
ing  without  demur  the  diffi 
cult  and  dangerous  mission  to 
France,  and  whispering  to  his 
friend,  Dr*  Rush,  "I  am  old 
and  good  for  nothing,  but  as 
the  store-keepers  say  of  their 

53 


remnants  of  cloth,  4I  am  but  a 
f ag-end,  and  you  may  have  me 
for  what  you  please/  ' 

Here  is  a  man  who  will  il 
lustrate  and  prove,  perhaps  bet 
ter  than  any  other  of  those 
who  stood  with  Washington,  the 
point  at  which  I  am  aiming. 
There  was  none  of  the  glamour 
of  romance  about  old  Ben 
Franklin*  He  was  shrewd,  can 
ny,  humorous*  The  chivalric 
Southerners  disliked  his  philos 
ophy,  and  the  solemn  New- 
Englanders  mistrusted  his  jokes* 
He  made  no  extravagant  claims 
for  his  own  motives,  and  some 
of  his  ways  were  not  distinctly 

54 


ideal*  He  was  full  of  pruden 
tial  proverbs*  and  claimed  to 
be  a  follower  of  the  theory  of 
enlightened  self-interest*  But 
there  was  not  a  faculty  of  his 
wise  old  head  which  he  did  not 
put  at  the  service  of  his  coun 
try*  nor  was  there  a  pulse  of 
his  slow  and  steady  heart  which 
did  not  beat  loyal  to  the  cause 
of  freedom* 

He  forfeited  profitable  office 
and  sure  preferment  under  the 
crown,  for  hard  work*  uncertain 
pay*  and  certain  peril  in  behalf 
of  the  colonies*  He  followed 
the  inexorable  logic*  step  by 
step,  which  led  him  from  the 

55 


natural  rights  of  his  country 
men  to  their  liberty,  from  their 
liberty  to  their  independence* 
He  endured  with  a  grim  humor 
the  revilings  of  those  whom  he 
called  "malevolent  critics  and 
bug-writers*"  He  broke  with 
his  old  and  dear  associates  in 
England*  writing  to  one  of  them* 

"  You  and  I  were  long  friends;  you 
are  now  my  enemy  and  I  am  Yours, 
B.  Franklin/' 

He  never  flinched  or  faltered 
at  any  sacrifice  of  personal  ease 
or  interest  to  the  demands  of 
his  country*  His  patient*  skil 
ful*  laborious  efforts  in  France 
56 


did  as  much  for  the  final  victory 
of  the  American  cause  as  any 
soldiers  sword*  He  yielded  his 
own  opinions  in  regard  to  the 
method  of  making  the  treaty 
of  peace  with  England*  and 
thereby  imperilled  for  a  time 
his  own  prestige*  He  served  as 
president  of  Pennsylvania  three 
times*  devoting  all  his  salary 
to  public  benefactions*  His  in 
fluence  in  the  Constitutional 
Convention  was  steadfast  on 
the  side  of  union  and  harmony* 
though  in  many  things  he  dif 
fered  from  the  prevailing  party* 
His  voice  was  among  those  who 

hailed  Washington  as  the  only 
57 


possible  candidate  for  the  Presi 
dency*  His  last  public  act  was 
a  petition  to  Congress  for  the 
abolition  of  slavery*  At  his 
death  the  government  had  not 
yet  settled  his  accounts  in  its 
servicet  and  his  country  was 
left  apparently  his  debtor ; 
which,  in  a  sense  still  larger 
and  deepert  she  must  remain 
as  long  as  liberty  endures  and 
union  triumphs  in  the  Republic* 
Is  not  this,  after  allt  the  root 
of  the  whole  matter  ?  Is  not 
this  the  thing  that  is  vitally 
and  essentially  true  of  all  those 
great  men,  clustering  about 

Washington,    whose    fame    we 
53 


honor  and  revere  with  his? 
They  all  left  the  community* 
the  commonwealth,  the  race, 
in  debt  to  them*  This  was 
their  purpose  and  the  ever-fav 
orite  object  of  their  hearts* 
They  were  deliberate  and  joy 
ful  creditors*  Renouncing  the 
maxim  of  worldly  wisdom  which 
bids  men  "get  all  you  can  and 
keep  all  you  get,"  they  resolved 
rather  to  give  all  they  had  to 
advance  the  common  cause,  to 
use  every  benefit  conferred  upon 
them  in  the  service  of  the  gen 
eral  welfare,  to  bestow  upon  the 
world  more  than  they  received 
from  it,  and  to  leave  a  fair  and 

• 


unblotted  account  of  business 
done  with  life  which  should  show 
a  clear  balance  in  their  favor* 

Thus,  in  brief  outline,  and  in 
words  which  seem  poor  and 
inadequate,  I  have  ventured 
to  interpret  anew  the  story  of 
Washington  and  the  men  who 
stood  with  him:  not  as  a  stir 
ring  ballad  of  battle  and  dan 
ger,  in  which  the  knights  ride 
valiantly,  and  are  renowned 
for  their  mighty  strokes  at  the 
enemy  in  arms;  not  as  a  philo 
sophic  epic,  in  which  the  de 
velopment  of  a  great  national 
idea  is  displayed,  and  the  strug- 

60 


gle  of  opposing  policies  is  traced 
to  its  conclusion;  bat  as  a 
drama  of  the  eternal  conflict 
in  the  soul  of  man  between  self- 
interest  in  its  Protean  formst 
and  loyalty  to  the  rightt  service 
to  a  cause,  allegiance  to  an  ideal* 
Those  great  actors  who  played 
in  it  have  passed  away,  but  the 
same  drama  still  holds  the  stage* 
The  drop-curtain  falls  between 
the  acts;  the  scenery  shifts;  the 
music  alters;  but  the  crisis  and 
its  issues  are  unchanged,  and 
the  parts  which  you  and  I  play 
are  assigned  to  us  by  our  own 
choice  of  "the  ever  favorite  ob 
ject  of  our  hearts*" 

61 


Men  tell  us  that  the  age  of 
ideals  is  pastt  and  that  we  are 
now  come  to  the  age  of  ex- 
pediencyt  of  polite  indifference 
to  moral  standards,  of  careful 
attention  to  the  bearing  of  dif 
ferent  policies  upon  our  own 
personal  interests*  Men  tell  us 
that  the  rights  of  man  are  a 
poetic  fiction,  that  democracy 
has  nothing  in  it  to  command 
our  allegiance  unless  it  pro 
motes  our  individual  comfort 
and  prosperity,  and  that  the 
whole  duty  of  a  citizen  is  to 
vote  with  his  party  and  get  an 
office  for  himself,  or  for  some 
one  who  will  look  after  him* 

62 


Men  tell  us  that  to  succeed 
means  to  get  moneyt  because 
with  that  all  other  good  things 
can  be  secured*  Men  tell  us 
that  the  one  thing  to  do  is  to 
promote  and  protect  the  par 
ticular  tradet  or  industry*  or 
corporation  in  which  we  have 
a  share:  the  laws  of  trade  will 
work  out  that  survival  of  the 
fittest  which  is  the  only  real 
righteousness,  and  if  we  survive 
that  will  prove  that  we  are  fit* 
Men  tell  us  that  all  beyond  this 
is  phantasy*  dreaming*  Sunday- 
school  politics :  there  is  nothing 
worth  living  for  except  to  get 
on  in  the  world;  and  nothing  at 

63 


all  worth  dying   for,  since  the 
age  of  ideals  is  past* 

It  is  past  indeed  for  those  who 
proclaim,  or  whisper,  or  in  their 
hearts  believe,  or  in  their  lives 
obey,  this  black  gospel*  And 
what  is  to  follow?  An  age  of 
cruel  and  bitter  jealousies  be 
tween  sections  and  classes;  of 
hatred  and  strife  between  the 
Haves  and  the  Have-nots;  of 
futile  contests  between  parties 
which  have  kept  their  names 
and  confused  their  principles, 
so  that  no  man  may  distinguish 
them  except  as  the  Ins  and 
Outs*  An  age  of  greedy  privi 
lege  and  sullen  poverty,  of  bla- 

64 


tant  luxury  and  curious  envy, 
of  rising  palaces  and  vanishing 
homes,  of  stupid  frivolity  and 
idiotic  publicomania ;  in  which 
four  hundred  gilded  fribbles  give 
monkey-dinners  and  Louis  XV* 
revels,  while  four  million  un- 
gilded  gossips  gape  at  them  and 
read  about  them  in  the  news 
papers*  An  age  when  princes 
of  finance  buy  protection  from 
the  representatives  of  a  fierce 
democracy;  when  guardians  of 
the  savings  which  insure  the 
lives  of  the  poor,  use  them  as  a 
surplus  to  pay  for  the  extrav 
agances  of  the  rich ;  and  when 

men  who   have  climbed  above 
5  65 


their  fellows  on  golden  ladders, 
tremble  at  the  crack  of  the 
blackmailers  whip  and  come 
down  at  the  call  of  an  obscene 
newspaper*  An  age  when  the 
python  of  political  corruption 
casts  its  "rings "  about  the 
neck  of  proud  cities  and  sover 
eign  States,  and  throttles  hon 
esty  to  silence  and  liberty  to 
death*  It  is  such  an  age,  dark, 
confused,  shameful,  that  the 
sceptic  and  the  scorner  must 
face,  when  they  turn  their 
backs  upon  those  ancient  shrines 
where  the  flames  of  faith  and 
integrity  and  devotion  are 

flickering     like     the     deserted 
66 


altar -fires   of  a  forsaken  wor 
ship* 

But  not  for  us  who  claim  oar 
heritage  in  blood  and  spirit 
from  Washington  and  the  men 
who  stood  with  him* — not  for 
us  of  other  tribes  and  kindred 
who 

"Have  found  a  fatherland   upon  this 
shore," 

and  learned  the  meaning  of 
manhood  beneath  the  shelter 
of  liberty  * — not  for  us,  nor  for 
our  country,  that  dark  apostasy, 
that  dismal  outlook!  We  see 
the  palladium  of  the  American 
ideal— goddess  of  the  just  eye, 

67 


the  unpolluted  heart,  the  equal 
hand — standing  as  the  image  of 
Athene  stood  above  the  upper 
streams  of  Simois: 

44  It   stood,   and   sun   and   moonshine 

rained  their  light 
On  the  pare  columns  of  its  glen- 
built  hail. 
Backward    and    forward    rolled    the 

waves  of  fight 

Round  Troy — but  while  this  stood 
Troy  could  not  fall/' 

We  see  the  heroes  of  the  present 
conflict,  the  men  whose  alle 
giance  is  not  to  sections  but 
to  the  whole  people,  the  fearless 
champions  of  fair  play*  We 
hear  from  the  chair  of  Wash- 


ington  a  brave  and  honest  voice 
which  cries  that  our  industrial 
problems  must  be  solved  not  in 
the  interest  of  capital,  nor  of 
labor*  but  of  the  whole  people* 
We  believe  that  the  liberties 
which  the  heroes  of  old  won 
with  blood  and  sacrifice  are  ours 
to  keep  with  labor  and  service* 

"All  that  our  fathers  wrought 
With  true  prophetic  thought. 
Must  be  defended/' 

No  privilege  that  encroaches 
upon  those  liberties  is  to  be 
endured*  No  lawless  disorder 
that  imperils  them  is  to  be  sanc 
tioned*  No  class  that  disre- 
69 


gards  or  invades  them  is  to  be 
tolerated* 

There  is  a  life  that  is  worth 
living  nowt  as  it  was  worth  liv 
ing  in  the  former  days,  and  that 
is  the  honest  lif e,  the  useful  life, 
the  unselfish  life,  cleansed  by 
devotion  to  an  ideal*  There  is 
a  battle  that  is  worth  fighting 
now,  as  it  was  worth  fighting 
then,  and  that  is  the  battle  for 
justice  and  equality*  To  make 
our  city  and  our  State  free  in 
fact  as  well  as  in  name ;  to  break 
the  rings  that  strangle  real  lib 
erty,  and  to  keep  them  broken ; 
to  cleanse,  so  far  as  in  our  power 
lies,  the  fountains  of  our  national 

70 


life  from  political  commercial; 
and  social  corruption;  to  teach 
our  sons  and  daughters,  by  pre 
cept  and  example,  the  honor 
of  serving  such  a  country  as 
America — that  is  work  worthy 
of  the  finest  manhood  and 
womanhood*  The  well  born 
are  those  who  are  born  to  do 
that  work*  The  well  bred  are 
those  who  are  bred  to  be  proud 
of  that  work*  The  well  educated 
ate  those  who  see  deepest  into 
the  meaning  and  the  necessity 
of  that  work*  Nor  shall  their 
labor  be  for  naught,  nor  the  re 
ward  of  their  sacrifice  fail  them* 

For  high  in  the  firmament  of 
l\ 


human  destiny  are  set  the  stars 
of  faith  in  mankind,  and  un 
selfish  courage,  and  loyalty  to 
the  ideal ;  and  while  they  shine, 
the  Americanism  of  Washington 
and  the  men  who  stood  with 
him  shall  never,  never  die* 


THE  END 


14  DAY  USE 

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